Feminist Resistance: Non Violence Action for Development Justice (#APFF2014)

Khek Chanreasmey (dipanggil Resmey), seorang aktifis pembela hak-hak tanah dan perumahan ari Kamboja. Resmey memulai aktifismenya karena program pembangunan urban yang dijalankan oleh pemerintah pada tahun 2007 melintasi rumahnya. Dia melawan. Anggota komunitas Boeung Kak di Phon Penh, ibu kota negara Kamboja. “Ini tanah saya. Ini kehidupan saya. Dan tak satupun orang berhak mengambilnya dari kami. Maka Kami akan tetap melawan”, begitu kuatnya tekat ibu beranak satu ini, mendorong dia untuk mengorganisir anggota komunitas lainnya untuk secara kolektif melakukan perlawanan pada Pemerintah Kamboja. Dia dan beberapa anggota komunitas dipenjara karena dianggap melawan pemerintah. Setelah melakukan penggalangan dukungan nasional dan internasional, akhirnya pemerintah Kamboja komitmen untuk memberikan 12,44 hektar tanah untuk dibangun perumahan.

Interest-Based Approach untuk Minoritas Agama: Teori v.s Realitas

Refleksi adalah bagian penting pembelajaran. Terutama bagi pekerja lapangan seperti saya, memiliki waktu khusus untuk melakukan perenungan dan memikirkan strategi baru untuk penyelesaian kasus-kasus pelanggara HAM, khususnya kasus Kebebasan Beragama Berkeyakinan (KBB). Paramadina didukung oleh TAF mengundang saya dan beberapa kawan untuk merefleksikan kerja-kerja advokasi KBB. Ditemani oleh tiga akademisi berpengalaman pada isu ini, Rizal Panggabean (MPRK-UGM), Ihsan al-Farizi (Paramadina) dan Zainal Bagir (CRCS-UGM), refleksi menjadi menarik dengan munculnya beberapa wacana pendekatan penyelesaian konflik.

Rizal Panggabean mengelaborasi tentang tiga macam pendekatan penyelesaian konflik yang berbasis pada kekuasaan (power-based), hak (rights-based) dan kebutuhan (interest-based). Yang dimaksudkan dengan pendekatan kekuasaan (power based approach) adalah menggerakkan  segala daya upaya yang dimiliki  dengan memanfaatkan ketertundukan pada struktur, atau mengkompetisikan segala bentuk kekuasaan yang dimiliki. Tidak menutup kemungkinan penggunaan represi, ancaman, intimidasi, win-lose, yang justru memperparah pendekatan.

Mendamba Perdamaian untuk Pembangunan Pasca 2015

“For the first time since poverty trends began to be monitored, the number of people living in extreme poverty and poverty rates fell in every developing region—including in sub Saharan Africa, where rates are highest. The proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day fell from 47 per cent in 1990 to 24 per cent in 2008—a reduction from over 2 billion to less than 1.4 billion”. Cuplikan tersebut, saya ambil dari laporan Millennium Development Goals MDGs) tahun 2012, khususnya menyoroti masalah kemiskinan ekstrim di benua Afrika. MDG8 di Indonesia dipakai sebagai tolak ukur keberhasilan pemerintah dalam menjalankan pembangunan, meskipun menuai kritik karena target-target indikator dalam setiap MDG8 terlalu minimal. Bapenas melalui laporan perkembangan capaian MDGs pada tahun 2010, mengklaim keberhasilan MDGs di Indonesia pada pengurangan angka kemiskinan dengan indikator peningkatan $ 1 perhari meningkat sampai 5,9% pada tahun 2008 (MDG 1), meningkatkan kesetaraan gender di semua jenjang pendidikan hingga 99,85% di tahun 2009 (MDG3) dan menurunkan kasus TB dari 443 kasus pada 1990 menjadi 244 kasus pada tahun 2009.

Namun demikian kerja masih harus dilakukan oleh pemerintah Indonesia untuk meningkatkan perbaikan gizi balita yang meningkat dari 18,4% pada tahun 2007 dan pada akhir 2015 dipastikan mencapai 15,5% pengurangannya (MDG1). Angka kematian balita juga diperkirakan berkurang 32 kasus per 1000 kelahiran di tahun 2015 dari 44 kasus per 1000 kelahiran pada tahun 2007 (MDG4). Dan terakhir, kemajuan ditunjukkan dalam pengurangi pinjaman luar negeri dari 24,6% di tahun 1996 menjadi 10,9% pada 2009. Dan catatan paling buruk pada penurunan angka ibu melahirkan, HIV dan lingkungan.

Sovreinity in Global Partnership for Post 2015 Development Agenda

National consultation on global partnership held by The President delivery unit for post 2015 development agenda (UKP4) on 20-21 February 2013, just finished. As Indonesia will host the final outreach forum for  High Level Panel of United Nation on 25-27 March 2013 in Bali, it is extremely important to ensure that the instrument of implementation for Post 2015 is sufficiently discussed among civil societies. The reason is HLP outreach in London and Monrovia mostly talked about the impact of MDGs to vulnerable groups, though there has indication in discussing about structural transformation using framing of economic transformation, but detail "technical how" to interpret this was quite unclear. 

In respon to global partnership, in line with discussion of economic transformation, there was strong voice on issue of shifting paradigm as the only condition to implement the agenda of post 2015 development. The reason is the current economic politic system clearly gave tremendous problems in inequality, high rate of martenal and infant mortality rate, estreme poverty, violence against women, disaster, low participations etc. To say in simple word that there are some unachieved goal of MDGs. 

I can see a little light on the future post 2015, when issue of Sovreinity (kedaulatan) has highlighted by private sector and civil societies in the consultation meeting, in which any policy must not weaken people and state.  It means we have to shift our paradigm quickly to see how global structure has weaken the state as well as people. When CSO talks about sovreinity, it is significant to take into account some principles to guide the new system are;

• improve capacity of people and state 
• create strong resiliences and flesxibility among people 
• women human rights based approach 
• respect to environement 
• orient to peacebuilding 

Above of the principles of sovreinity that we are proposing, structure transformation which there will be radical changes such as:
1. Democratization of international agency under UN and finance and trade organization such as WTO, IMF and World Bank
2. Eliminate all conditions of loan which cause weaken of  state and people
3. CSR must be implemented correctly under control of people, and should considere the sustainable environment, peace, and women human rights.
4. good governance and democracy should be strongly embaded to perpectice of policy makers and means of implementation of the framework. 

But still to think about where should we start to do transformation? ***

MDGs in the perspective of Minority Women

Today, there were seven women representing vulnerable and minority groups such as migrant workers, LGBT, indegenous, dissability, urban poor, fisherwoman spoke about their experience in the process of Millinium Development Goals. Koalisi Perempuan Indonesia (Indonesia Women Coalition), mass organization held national consultation in responding post MDGs development on 11-12 February 2013,which currently gauging in different continent. There were two key questions addressed by Ibu Titik from ACE acting moderator during the interactive dialogue; what they are feeling about the development? what they are expecting of future development? 

Policy which is helpful for migrant workers and their family should address in the post 2015 development agenda. Besides accassibility of information, training center, education, health services, and job availability, which seems far from the hand of women from vulnerable and minority groups. Ratna from disability group remarked new phenomena of sexual violence against women with disability that there is increasing number of a group of men who pretends to love a girl with disability, but then he traps her into pornography and trafficking. I was also shocked by there were fisherpeople who die because of lack of financial support to pay health service. While, we have health scheme with limited payment less then Rp 5 million. If the cost of health service is over Rp 5 million, there is no hope. 

Mona from Lesbian group felt that there is almost no space for women with different sexual orientation to join with social activities. Their opportunity is blocked because of their sexual orientation. Even, availability of two division of toilet; lady and gentleman, can be considered rejection from society. Moreover, to get appropriate job from the public. "I hope it is only me subjecting to discrimination from public. our future generation would not ever feel it," Mona said. 

Regarding the world minority women want, issue on ending discrimination and violence against minority women from different sectors highlighed in the post 2015 development agenda. Public services must be assesible for all women regardless their ethnic, religious, ability, sexual orientation background. Goverment should pay attention on the basic rights of people including public service. The policy must reflect diversities and oriente to peace and sustainable prosperity.

It is important to goverment to listen their voice as part of reflectio of the achivement of MDGs and recomendation to optimalize intervention in this 3 years. In all, the experience of women minority should be mainstreamed of the policy of post 2015 development agenda. It is must be people-centered and human rights approach. ***